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Unit
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Key Topics Covered
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Crop Production and Management
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• Agricultural practices (Kharif, Rabi, Summer crops)
• Steps of crop production
• Preparation of soil
• Agricultural implements (plough, hoe, cultivator)
• Sowing (traditional tools, seed drill, seed selection)
• Manure and fertilizers, crop rotation
• Irrigation (sources, traditional & modern methods, sprinkler, drip)
• Weeding and protection
• Harvesting, threshing, winnowing
• Storage of crops
• Food from animals
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Microorganisms
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• Classification (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, algae)
• Habitat of microorganisms
• Useful microorganisms (curd, bread, medicines, vaccines, soil fertility, cleaning environment)
• Harmful microorganisms (human, animal, plant diseases, food poisoning)
• Food preservation methods (salt, sugar, oil, vinegar, heat, cold, storage)
• Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen cycle
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Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
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• Types of synthetic fibres (rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic)
• Properties of synthetic fibres
• Plastics (thermosetting, thermoplastics)
• Plastics as a material of choice
• Environmental impact
• Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances
• 5R principle
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Metals and Non-metals
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• Properties and classification
• Differences (lustre, malleability, ductility, conduction, density, etc.)
• Corrosion and prevention (oiling, painting, galvanisation, etc.)
• Uses of common metals
• Metalloids
• Chemical properties (reaction with oxygen, water, acids, bases, displacement reactions)
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Coal and Petroleum
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• Inexhaustible and exhaustible resources
• Coal and its products (coke, coal tar, coal gas)
• Petroleum and refining
• Constituents and uses
• Natural gas
• Limited natural resources
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Combustion and Flame
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• Combustion and ignition temperature
• Flammable substances
• Types of combustion (rapid, spontaneous)
• Flame and its structure
• Fuels and calorific value
• Harmful effects (global warming, acid rain)
• Fire control
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Conservation of Plants and Animals
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• Deforestation and consequences
• Protected areas (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve)
• Flora and fauna
• Endemic and endangered species
• Red Data Book
• Migration
• Reforestation and recycling
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Cells
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• Discovery of cells
• Unicellular and multicellular organisms
• Plant and animal cell structure and functions
• Cell organelles (cell wall, membrane, nucleus, plastids, vacuole, cytoplasm)
• Differences between plant and animal cells
• Diagrams
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Reproduction in Animals
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• Sexual reproduction in humans
• Male and female reproductive organs
• Fertilisation and embryo development
• Viviparous and oviparous animals
• Asexual reproduction (budding, binary fission)
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Force and Pressure
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• Force (push or pull)
• Balanced and unbalanced forces
• Contact and non-contact forces
• Turning effect of force (moment)
• Pressure (definition, unit, calculation)
• Atmospheric pressure
• Pressure in liquids and gases (qualitative)
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Friction
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• Force of friction
• Factors affecting friction
• Increasing and reducing friction
• Wheels and fluid friction
• Sliding, rolling, and kinetic friction
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Sound
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• Sources and production of sound
• Longitudinal waves
• Amplitude, frequency, time period
• Loudness (decibel), pitch
• Reflection and absorption
• Audible and inaudible sounds
• Noise pollution and control
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Chemical Effects of Electric Current
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• Conducting liquids
• Chemical effects of electric current
• Electroplating
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Some Natural Phenomena
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• Lightning and charging by rubbing
• Types and transfer of charges
• Electroscope and earthing
• Lightning conductor
• Earthquakes (causes, protection, seismograph, Richter scale)
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Light
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• Laws of reflection
• Lateral inversion
• Regular and diffused reflection
• Multiple images and a kaleidoscope
• Structure and care of the eye
• Refraction
• Curved mirrors (concave, convex)
• Ray diagrams
• Dispersion of white light
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Stars and Solar System
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• Astronomy and celestial objects
• Moon and phases
• Stars and constellations
• Solar system (sun, planets)
• Comets, asteroids, meteors
• Artificial satellites
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Pollution of Air and Water
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• Air pollution and pollutants
• Greenhouse effect and global warming
• Taj Mahal case study
• Water pollution and purification
• Potable water
• Ways to reduce pollution
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